Different Type of Microscope

Damage to and repair of the acetabular labral-chondral complex are areas of clinical interest in the treatment of young adults with pain in the hip and in the prevention of degenerative arthritis of the hip. There are varying theories as to why most acetabular tears are located anterosuperiorly. We have studied the prenatal development of the human acetabular labral-chondral complex in 11 fetal hips, aged from eight weeks of gestation to term.

There were consistent differences between the anterior and posterior acetabular labral-chondral complex throughout all ages of gestation. The anterior labrum had a somewhat marginal attachment to the acetabular cartilage with an intra-articular projection. The posterior labrum was attached and continuous with the acetabular cartilage. Anteriorly, the labral-chondral transition zone was sharp and abrupt, but posteriorly it was gradual and interdigitated. The collagen fibres of the anterior labrum were arranged parallel to the labral-chondral junction, but at the posterior labrum they were aligned perpendicular to the junction.

We believe that in the anterior labrum the marginal attachment and the orientation of the collagen fibres parallel to the labral-chondral junction may render it more prone to damage than the posterior labrum in which the collagen fibres are anchored in the acetabular cartilage. The anterior intra-articular projection of the labrum should not be considered to be a pathological feature.

purpose. The stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 and the CXC receptor (CXCR)-4 jointly regulate the trafficking of various cell types and play a pivotal role in cell migration, proliferation, and survival. The purpose of this study was to assess whether curcumin inhibits human retinal endothelial cell (HREC) migration by interfering with SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling.

methods. Primary HREC culture was established and maintained in endothelial growth medium. The viability and proliferation of HRECs were assessed by MTT and thymidine uptake assays, respectively. The effect of SDF-1–induced HREC migration (chemotaxis) in the presence and absence of curcumin was determined using the Boyden chamber migration assay. Intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration was measured by fluorometric analysis. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed to quantify CXCR4, phosphorylated AKT, and PI3-kinase expression levels.

results. HREC migration increased in a dose-dependent manner (1, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL; P < 0.001) in SDF-1–treated cells. In contrast, AMD3100, an inhibitor of CXCR4 effectively inhibited HREC migration dose dependently. HREC migration was decreased when the cells were exposed to EGTA, a chelator of Ca²⁺. Curcumin also blocked Ca²⁺ influx, an important signal for HREC migration. In addition, curcumin significantly (P < 0.001) decreased SDF-1–induced HRECs migration and downregulated SDF-1–induced expression of CXCR4, phospho-AKT, phospho-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K), and eNOS.

conclusions. This study indicates that curcumin has an inhibitory effect on SDF-1–induced HREC migration. The plausible mechanism of action could be upstream blockage of Ca²⁺ influx and the downstream reduction of PI3-K/AKT signals.