Different Type of Microscope

We evaluated the outcome of 104 consecutive primary cemented Exeter femoral components in 78 patients (34 men, 44 women) under the age of 40 years who underwent total hip replacement between October 1993 and May 2004. The mean age at operation was 31 years (16 to 39). No hip was lost to follow-up, but three patients (four hips) died. None of the deaths were related to the surgery. At a mean follow-up of 6.2 years (2 to 13), three femoral components had been revised for septic loosening. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the seven-year survival of the component with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 95.8% (95% confidence interval 86.67 to 98.7). The seven-year survival with aseptic femoral loosening as the endpoint was 100% (95% confidence interval 100).

The cemented Exeter femoral component in patients under the age of 40 shows promising medium-term results. As it is available in a wide range of sizes and offsets, we could address all types of anatomical variation in this series without the need for custom-made components.

The vertebrate retina has a unique position within the panoply of the nervous system networks: Our understanding of its complex circuitry of interacting neurons and glia has become the gold standard of our current knowledge of network operations. This presentation is about work from my laboratory that contributed to some of the concepts that support our contemporary views of the functional retina. Early in the pursuit of retinal function, a vital issue was that of understanding the synaptic mechanisms and neurotransmitters required for information to flow from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. My research contributions to this effort include the discovery of inhibition and the GABA and glycine modes of inhibitory mechanisms. Our work on inhibition was followed by the discovery of the APB (mGluR6) receptor of On bipolars, the first metabotropic glutamate receptor described in the nervous system. This finding was followed by a body of work carried out in salamander and rabbit retinas on the pathways of glutamatergic excitation revealed through the use of agonists and antagonists of increasing selectivity. We separated sign-conserving from sign-inverting responses in the outer retina and provided compelling evidence that bipolars, like photoreceptors, had a glutamatergic mode of neurotransmission. We identified NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) and KA (kainic acid)/AMPA (-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors in amacrine and ganglion cells and revealed that both receptor classes are activated by light. Additional studies on neuropeptides illustrated how many of these, including substance P, somatostatin, and neurotensin have actions such that they should be considered major neuromodulators in the retina. My laboratory also made significant contributions to structure–function relationships and mechanisms of glial–neuronal interactions.